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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
فضیلت کلامی
The very phrase "mandatory retirement" shows the verbal virtuosity of the intelligentsia- and what a fatal talent that can be in obscuring, rather than clarifying, rational analysis.
Despite the verbal virtuosity involved in creating a vivid vision of profits as having been clawed out of the guts of society, neither Steinbeck nor most other intellectuals have bothered to demonstrate how society has been made poorer by the activities of Carnegie, Ford, or Rockefeller, for example- all three of whom (and many others) made fortunes by reducing the prices of their products below the prices of competing products.
Yet verbal virtuosity has transformed a transient cohort in a given statistical category into an enduring class called "the poor."
Far from using their intellectual skills to clarify the distinction between statistical categories and flesh-and-blood human beings, the intelligentsia have instead used their verbal virtuosity to equate the changing numerical relationship between statistical categories over time with a changing relationship between flesh-and-blood human beings ("the rich" and "the poor") over time, even though data that follow individual income-earners over time tell a diametrically opposite story from that of data which follow the statistical categories which people are moving into and out of over time.
For example, over the entire period from 1967 to 2005, median real household income- that is, money income adjusted for inflation- rose by 31 percent.19 For selected periods within that long span, real household incomes rose even less, and those selected periods have often been cited by the intelligentsia to claim that income and living standards have "stagnated."20 Meanwhile, real per capita income rose by 122 percent over that same span, from 1967 to 2005.21 When a more than doubling of real income per person is called "stagnation," that is one of the many feats of verbal virtuosity.
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